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Srividya Kona, Ajay Bansal, and Gopal Gupta USDL defines OWL surrogates or proxies in the form of classes, which have properties with values in the OWL WordNet ontology. The following are thedefinitions of USDL classes portType, Operation, Message, Concept and Con-dition using RDFS and OWL representation. Their respective subclasses andproperties are also defined.
Web-services consist of portType, which is a collection of procedures or opera-tions that are parametric on messages. The USDL surrogate is defined as theclass portType which contains zero or more Operations as values of the hasOp-eration property.
<owl:Class rdf:about="#portType"> <owl:onProperty rdf:resource=#hasOperation"/> rdf:datatype="&xsd;nonNegativeInteger"> <owl:ObjectProperty rdf:ID="hasOperation"> <rdfs:domain rdf:resource="#portType"/> <rdfs:range rdf:resource="#Operation"/> As with the case of messages, portType is not directly assigned meaning viathe OWL WordNet ontology. Instead the individual Operations are describedby their side-effects via an affects property. The parameters of an operationare given meaning by ascribing meaning to the messages that constitute theparameters.
<owl:Class rdf:about="#Operation"> <owl:onProperty rdf:resource="#hasInput"/> rdf:datatype="&xsd;nonNegativeInteger"> <owl:onProperty rdf:resource="#hasOutput"/> rdf:datatype="&xsd;nonNegativeInteger"> <owl:onProperty rdf:resource="#affects"/> rdf:datatype="&xsd;nonNegativeInteger"> <owl:ObjectProperty rdf:ID="hasInput"> <rdfs:domain rdf:resource="#Operation"/> <rdfs:range rdf:resource="#Input"/> <owl:ObjectProperty rdf:ID="hasOutput"> <rdfs:domain rdf:resource="#Operation"/> <rdfs:range rdf:resource="#Ouput"/> Property affectsThe affects property is specialized into four types of actions common to enterprise services: creates, updates, deletes, and finds.
<owl:ObjectProperty rdf:ID="affects"> <rdfs:domain rdf:resource="#Operation"/> <rdfs:range rdf:resource="#Concept"/> <owl:ObjectProperty rdf:about="#creates"> <rdfs:subPropertyOf rdf:resource="#affects"/> <owl:ObjectProperty rdf:about="#updates"> <rdfs:subPropertyOf rdf:resource="#affects"/> <owl:ObjectProperty rdf:about="#deletes"> <rdfs:subPropertyOf rdf:resource="#affects"/> <owl:ObjectProperty rdf:about="#finds"> <rdfs:subPropertyOf rdf:resource="#affects"/> Services communicate by exchanging messages. Messages are simple tuples ofactual data, called parts. Each part of a message is simply a USDL Concept, asdefined by the hasPart property. Semantically messages are treated as tuplesof concepts.
<owl:Class rdf:ID="Message"> <owl:unionOf rdf:parseType="Collection"> <owl:Class rdf:about="#Input"/> <owl:Class rdf:about="#Output"/> <owl:onProperty rdf:resource="#hasPart"/> rdf:datatype="&xsd;nonNegativeInteger"> <owl:ObjectProperty rdf:ID="hasPart"> <rdfs:domain rdf:resource="#Message"/> <rdfs:range rdf:resource="#Concept"/> <owl:Class rdf:about="#Input"> <rdfs:subClassOf rdf:resource="#Message"/> <owl:Class rdf:about="#Output"> <rdfs:subClassOf rdf:resource="#Message"/> USDL defines a generic class called Concept which is used to define the semanticsof parts of messages.
<owl:Class rdf:ID="Concept"> <owl:unionOf rdf:parseType="Collection"> <owl:Class rdf:about="#AtomicConcept"/> <owl:Class rdf:about="#InvertedConcept"/> <owl:Class rdf:about="#ConjunctiveConcept"/> <owl:Class rdf:about="#DisjunctiveConcept"/> <owl:onProperty rdf:resource="#hasCondition"/> rdf:datatype="&xsd;nonNegativeInteger"> <owl:ObjectProperty rdf:ID="hasCondition"> <rdfs:domain rdf:resource="#Concept"/> <rdfs:range rdf:resource="#Condition"/> For most purposes, message parts and other WSDL constructs will be mapped to a subclass of USDL Concept so that useful concepts can be modeled as set the-oretic formulas of union, intersection, and negation of atomic concepts. Thesesubclasses of Concept are AtomicConcept, InvertedConcept, ConjunctiveCon-cept, and DisjunctiveConcept.
AtomicConcept is the actual contact point between USDL and WordNet. Thisclass acts as proxy for WordNet lexical entities.
<owl:Class rdf:about="#AtomicConcept"> <rdfs:subClassOf rdf:resource="#Concept"/> <owl:onProperty rdf:resource="#isA"/> rdf:datatype="&xsd;nonNegativeInteger"> <owl:onProperty rdf:resource="#ofKind"/> rdf:datatype="&xsd;nonNegativeInteger"> <owl:ObjectProperty rdf:ID="isA"> <rdfs:domain rdf:resource="#AtomicConcept"/> <rdfs:range rdf:resource="&wn;LexicalConcept"/> <owl:ObjectProperty rdf:ID="ofKind"> <rdfs:domain rdf:resource="#AtomicConcept"/> <rdfs:range rdf:resource="&wn;LexicalConcept"/> In case of InvertedConcept the corresponding semantics are the complement ofWordNet lexical entities.
<owl:Class rdf:about="#InvertedConcept"> <rdfs:subClassOf rdf:resource="#Concept"/> <owl:onProperty rdf:resource="#hasConcept"/> rdf:datatype= "&xsd;nonNegativeInteger"> <owl:ObjectProperty rdf:ID="hasConcept"> <rdfs:domain rdf:resource="#Concept"/> <rdfs:range rdf:resource="#Concept"/> The ConjunctiveConcept denotes the intersection of USDL Concept s.
<owl:Class rdf:about="#ConjunctiveConcept"> <rdfs:subClassOf rdf:resource="#Concept"/> <owl:onProperty rdf:resource="#hasConcept"/> rdf:datatype= "&xsd;nonNegativeInteger"> <owl:ObjectProperty rdf:ID="hasConcept"> <rdfs:domain rdf:resource="#Concept"/> <rdfs:range rdf:resource="#Concept"/> The DisjunctiveConcept denotes the union of USDL Concept s.
<owl:Class rdf:about="#DisjunctiveConcept"> <rdfs:subClassOf rdf:resource="#Concept"/> <owl:onProperty rdf:resource="#hasConcept"/> rdf:datatype= "&xsd;nonNegativeInteger"> <owl:ObjectProperty rdf:ID="hasConcept"> <rdfs:domain rdf:resource="#Concept"/> <rdfs:range rdf:resource="#Concept"/> Services may have some external conditions(pre-conditions and post-conditions)specified on the input or output parameters. Condition class is used to describeall such constraints. Conditions are represented as conjunction or disjunctionof binary predicates.
<owl:Class rdf:ID="Condition"> <owl:unionOf rdf:parseType="Collection"> rdf:about="#AtomicCondition"/> rdf:about="#ConjunctiveCondition"/> rdf:about="#DisjunctiveCondition"/> A condition has exactly one value for the onPart property and atmost one valuefor the hasValue property, each of which is of type USDL Concept.
<owl:Class rdf:about="#AtomicCondition"> <rdfs:subClassOf rdf:resource="#Condition"/> <owl:onProperty rdf:resource="#hasConcept"/> rdf:datatype= "&xsd;nonNegativeInteger"> <owl:onProperty rdf:resource="#onPart"/> rdf:datatype="&xsd;nonNegativeInteger"> rdf:datatype="&xsd;nonNegativeInteger"> <owl:ObjectProperty rdf:ID="onPart"> <rdfs:domain rdf:resource="#AtomicCondition"/> <rdfs:range rdf:resource="#Concept"/> <owl:ObjectProperty rdf:ID="hasValue"> <rdfs:domain rdf:resource="#AtomicCondition"/> <rdfs:range rdf:resource="#Concept"/> The ConjunctiveCondition denotes the conjunction of USDL Conditions.
<owl:Class rdf:about="#ConjunctiveCondition"> <rdfs:subClassOf rdf:resource="#Condition"/> <owl:onProperty rdf:resource="#hasCondition"/> rdf:datatype= "&xsd;nonNegativeInteger"> <owl:ObjectProperty rdf:ID="hasCondition"> <rdfs:domain rdf:resource="#Concept"/> <rdfs:range rdf:resource="#Condition"/> The DisjunctiveCondition denotes the disjunction of USDL Conditions.
<owl:Class rdf:about="#DisjunctiveCondition"> <rdfs:subClassOf rdf:resource="#Condition"/> <owl:onProperty rdf:resource="#hasCondition"/> rdf:datatype= "&xsd;nonNegativeInteger"> <owl:ObjectProperty rdf:ID="hasCondition"> <rdfs:domain rdf:resource="#Concept"/> <rdfs:range rdf:resource="#Condition"/> This service takes in a BookISBN, UserIdentifier, and Password as input param-eters. It has an input pre-condition that a UserIdentifier for the buyer mustexist before invoking the service. It also has a global constraint that a validcredit card number for the buyer must exist. This service outputs an Order-Number if the order was placed successfully. In case the book is not available,the output is an “Out of Stock ” message. The following is the complete USDLannotation. The input pre-condition and the global constraint on the serviceare also described semantically.
<portType rdf:about="#BookBuying_Service"> <hasOperation rdf:resource="#BuyBook" /> <operation rdf:about="#BuyBook"> rdf:resource="#BuyBook_Request"/> <hasOutput rdf:resource="#BuyBook_Response"/> <creates rdf:resource="#BookOrder" /> <Message rdf:about="#BuyBook_Request"> <hasPart rdf:resource="#BookISBN" /> <hasPart rdf:resource="#UserIdentifier" /> <hasPart rdf:resource="#Password" /> <Message rdf:about="#BuyBook_Response"> <hasPart rdf:resource="#OrderNumber/Availabilty" /> <AtomicConcept rdf:about="#BookISBN"> <isA rdf:resource="&wn;identifier"/> <ofKind rdf:resource="#Book" /> <AtomicConcept rdf:about="#Book"> <isA rdf:resource="&wn;book"/> <isA rdf:resource="&wn;Password"/> <AtomicConcept rdf:about="#UserIdentifier"> <isA rdf:resource="&wn;identifier"/> <ofKind rdf:resource="#User" /> <hasCondition rdf:resource="#UserExists" /> <Condition rdf:about="#UserExists"> <hasConcept rdf:resource="#exists"/> <onPart rdf:resource="#UserIdentifier"/> <DisjunctiveConcept rdf:about="#OrderNumber/Availability"> <hasConcept rdf:resource="#OrderNumber" /> <hasConcept rdf:resource="#NotAvailable" /> <InvertedConcept rdf:about="#NotAvailable"> <hasConcept rdf:resource="#Available" /> <AtomicConcept rdf:about="#BookOrder"> <isA rdf:resource="&wn;order"/> <ofKind rdf:resource="#Book" /> <hasCondition rdf:resource="#CreditExists" /> <Condition rdf:about="#CreditExists"> <hasConcept rdf:resource="#exists" /> <onPart rdf:resource="#CreditCard" /> <AtomicConcept rdf:about="#User"> <isA rdf:resource="&wn;user"/> <AtomicConcept rdf:about="#exists"> <isA rdf:resource="&wn;exists"/> <AtomicConcept rdf:about="#OrderNumber"> <isA rdf:resource="&wn;number"/> <ofKind rdf:resource="#Order" /> <AtomicConcept rdf:about="#Order"> <isA rdf:resource="&wn;order"/> <AtomicConcept rdf:about="#Available"> <isA rdf:resource="&wn;available"/> <AtomicConcept rdf:about="#CreditCard"> <isA rdf:resource="&wn;card" /> <ofKind rdf:resource="#Credit" /> <AtomicConcept rdf:about="#Credit" > <isA rdf:resource="&wn;credit"/>

Source: http://www.rtel4i.org/xwiki/bin/download/Main/UniversalSemanticDescriptionLanguage/USDLFormalDefinitions.pdf