Pii: s0041-0101(03)00104-

Responses of antioxidant systems in the hepatocytes of common carp (Cyprinus carpio L.) to the toxicity of microcystin-LR Xiaoyu Lib, Yongding Liua,*, Lirong Songa, Jiantong Liua aInstitute of Hydrobiology, Chinese Academy of Science, Wuhan, Hubei 430072, People’s Republic of China bCollege of Life Science, Henan Normal University, Xinxiang, Henan 453002, People’s Republic of China Received 12 July 2002; accepted 14 April 2003 The freshwater, bloom-forming cyanobacterium (blue-green alga) Microcystis aeruginosa produces a peptide hepatotoxin, which causes the damage of animal liver. Recently, toxic Microcystis blooms frequently occur in theeutrophic Dianchi Lake (300 km2 and located in the South-Western of China). Microcystin-LR from Microcystis in Dianchiwas isolated and purified by high performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) and its toxicity to mouse and fish liver wasstudied (Li et al., 2001). In this study, six biochemical parameters (reactive oxygen species, glutathione, superoxidedismutase, catalase, glutathione peroxide and glutathione S-transferase) were determined in common carp hepatocytes whenthe cells were exposed to 10 mg microcystin-LR per litre. The results showed that reactive oxygen species (ROS) contentsincreased by more than one-time compared with the control after 6 h exposure to the toxin. In contrast, glutathione (GSH)levels in the hepatocytes exposed to microcystin-LR decreased by 47% compared with the control. The activities ofsuperoxide dismutase (SOD), catalase (CAT) and glutathione peroxide (GSH-Px) increased significantly after 6 h exposureto microcystin-LR, but glutathione S-transferase (GST) activity showed no difference from the control. These resultssuggested that the toxicity of microcystin-LR caused the increase of ROS contents and the depletion of GSH in hepatocytesexposed to the toxin and these changes led to oxidant shock in hepatocytes. Increases of SOD, CAT and GSH-Px activitiesrevealed that these three kinds of antioxidant enzymes might play important roles in eliminating the excessive ROS. Thispaper also examined the possible toxicity mechanism of microcystin-LR on the fish hepatocytes and the results were similarto those with mouse hepatocytes.
q 2003 Elsevier Science Ltd. All rights reserved.
Keywords: Microcystin-LR; Antioxidant system; Common carp; Hepatocyte; Glutathione; Superoxide dismutase; Catalase; Glutathioneperoxide; Glutathione S-transferase; Reactive oxygen species released into water body when algal cells are broken.
Degradation of MC in water is slow and the toxins often Recently, Microcystis bloom frequently occurred in the remain in the water supply used by people. There are many eutrophic Dianchi Lake and the dominant species is reports that Microcystis bloom leads to liver damage in Microcystis aeruginosa, which produces a family of related human populations whose water supplies were contami- ). These toxins are severely hepatotoxic are produced in Microcystis cells and are Therefore, microcystins remaining in water supply becomea severe threat to human health.
Studies on toxicity of microcystin-LR on animal Corresponding author. Tel.: þ 86-27-87884371; fax: þ 86-27- hepatocytic antioxidant systems have been carried out and E-mail address: [email protected] (Y. Liu).
the results demonstrated that antioxidant systems (mainly 0041-0101/03/$ - see front matter q 2003 Elsevier Science Ltd. All rights reserved.
doi:10.1016/S0041-0101(03)00104-1 GSH) could be relevant indices in explaining the sensitivity (w/v) ratio in sterile phosphate-buffered saline (pH 7.2). The supernatants obtained after centrifugation at 4000g were stored at 2 70 8C for assay. All these steps were carried out responses of antioxidant enzymes activities to microcystin- LR in freshwater fish hepatocytes and the relationshipbetween ROS contents and MC shock. In this study,antioxidant enzymatic activities (superoxide dismutase, catalase, glutathione peroxide and glutathione S-transfer-ase), glutathione levels and reactive oxygen species (ROS) Intracellular ROS formation was analyzed by the method contents were measured in the common carp hepatocytes formation with dihydrorhodamine 123. Fluorescence wasmeasured by excitation at 450 – 490 nm and emission at. 520 nm using an image analysis system. Total glutathione was assayed by the method of All theexperiments were carried out in triplicate.
MC-LR was isolated and purified with the improved 2.5. Antioxidant enzyme activities assays HPLC method The toxin was firstdissolved in a small amount of sterile phosphate-buffered SOD activity was measured according to the method of saline (pH 7.2) for storage and was diluted with the same buffer saline to the needed concentration before tests began.
enzyme on the rate of NADH oxidation, and catalase Dulbecco’s Modified Eagle Medium (DMEM), fetal bovine activity was determined by the method of serum, penicillin and streptomycin were obtained from . Glutathione peroxide and glutathione S-transferase GIBCO BRL (Grand Island, NY 14072, USA). Dihydror- activities were assayed by the kits supplied by The Nanjing hodamine 123, NADH and glutathione were purchased from Bioengineering Institute, China. All the experiments were Sigma (St Louis, MO, USA). Other reagents, obtained from various commercial sources, were analytical or highergrades.
All data were evaluated by one-way ANOVA (Spss 6.0.1 Hepatocytes were isolated from carp (1000 g, female) for windows, tests: least significant difference, Tukey’s with 0.25% trypsin digestion at 25 8C for 40 min. Cells were suspended in DMEM and washed with the same medium.
Isolated hepatocytes were cultured in DMEM supplied withpenicillin (100 IU/ml), streptomycin (100 mg/ml), and 5%fetal bovine serum. Five milliliter cell suspension wereseeded into 25 ml cell culture bottle at a concentration of1 £ 106 cells/ml and incubated at 25 8C free from CO2. Cellviability was assessed with the trypan blue exclusionmethod. The number of cells in suspension was determinedin a Neubauer counting Chamber and 150 cells wereevaluated per sample.
The MC-LR stock solution was added directly to the medium with hepatocytes just isolated from carp liver fortoxin exposure, the finial toxin concentration in the cultures Fig. 1. The changes of ROS contents in carp hepatocytes after 6 h was made to be 10 mg/l and the cells were cultured in the exposure to 10 mg/l MC-LR. Within 1 – 6 h exposure, ROS contents same way as above. Hepatocytes were collected at the time in the treated cells were significantly different from controls ðP , intervals of 15 min, 0.5, 1, 2, 4 and 6 h, respectively, after 0:05Þ: Vertical bars show standard deviation of each data set. ROS, exposure and centrifuged at 500g for 15 min. The cells reactive oxygen species; MC-LR, microcystin-LR; ((B) treatment, obtained after centrifugation were homogenized to a 1/2 Fig. 4. Response of CAT activity in carp hepatocytes after 6 h Fig. 2. Response of GSH levels in carp hepatocytes after 6 h exposure to 10 mg/l MC-LR. Within 0.25 – 6 h exposure, CAT exposure to 10 mg/l MC-LR. Within 0.5 – 6 h exposure, GSH activities of the treated cells were significantly different from contents in the treated cells were significantly different from controls ðP , 0:05Þ: Vertical bars show standard deviation of each controls ðP , 0:05Þ: Vertical bars show standard deviation of each data set. CAT, catalase; ((B) treatment, (V) control).
data set. GSH, reduced glutathione; ((B) treatment, (V) control).
hepatocytes exhibited depletion of GSH after 6 h exposure( 3.1. Formation of intracellular ROS and changeof GSH level 3.2. Antioxidant enzyme activities changes Significant induction of intracellular ROS formation was SOD activity increased obviously after 6 h exposure to found in hepatocytes of the common carp after 0.5 h of MC-LR compared with the control ðP , 0:05Þ () and exposure to 10 mg/l MC-LR and ROS contents increased the catalase activity change was similar to SOD when the rapidly within 2 h (The increase in ROS level of the cells were treated with 10 mg/l MC-LR (The treated hepatocytes was almost two-times higher than the increase in glutathione peroxide activity could be registered control after 6 h exposure. In contrast to these changes, GSH within 0.5 h exposure, but decreased sharply after 0.5 h levels decreased after 15 min exposure to the toxin and exposure and then in the same way as the control However, only glutathione S-transferase activity exhibited Fig. 3. SOD activity increase after 6 h exposure to 10 mg/l MC-LR.
Fig. 5. The change of GSH-Px activity after 6 h exposure to 10 mg/L Within 1 – 6 h exposure, SOD contents in the treated cells were MC-LR. GSH-Px activities of the treated cells were significantly significantly different from controls ðP , 0:05Þ: Vertical bars show different from controls ðP , 0:05Þ within 1 h exposure. Vertical standard deviation of each data set. SOD, superoxide dismutase; bars show standard deviation of each data set. GSH-Px, glutathione peroxide; ((B) treatment, (V) control).
in eliminating cytosolic ROS and regenerating GSH, theycould not prevail over the oxidant stress induced by thetoxin. Therefore, this effect caused damage of hepatocytes,leading to apoptosis and even necrosis of cells.
The present investigation was supported by a grant from the Ministry of Science and Technology of China (K99-05-35-01) and the National Basic Research program of China(2002 CB 412300).
Fig. 6. The decrease in GST activity after 6 h exposure to 10 mg/lMC-LR. No difference between the treatment and the control wasfound after 6 h exposure. Vertical bars show standard deviation of each data set. GST, glutathione S-transferase; ((B) treatment, (V)control).
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